Year: 2018

About 30% of undergraduate economics degrees given to US citizens and permanent residents go to women. Perhaps unsurprising, about 30% of the PhD degrees given to  US citizens and permanent residents go to women, too. A sizable literature has tried to spell out possible reasons for these patterns. Here, I will point out that the underrepresentation of females in economic starts before college, and can be seen in the number of students taking the AP economics examinations in  micro and macro.

The data below is from the AP Data–Archived Data 2016 (scroll down to the National and State Summary Reports, and then look just at the National Data for the US).

More male students take the AP economics exams than females, although overall, females take more AP exams than men. The scores of males are higher, and the number of males with a score of 4 or 5 on the exams is higher, too. I have no wish to overinterpret these numbers, but a couple of quick thoughts seem fair.

1) These differences suggest that among those high school students thinking about college, and thus taking AP exams, a greater number of males have an interest in economics than females. Moreover, a greater number of men have received positive feedback for that interest in economics–in terms of a high score.

2) To the extent that many students who arrive in college have at least a fuzzy idea of the areas in which they might wish to concentrate already in place, colleges that want to move toward more gender balance in their undergraduate economic enrollments will need to overcome some patterns that have already been set in high school. If the pipeline of women who major in economics isn\’t expanded substantially, it will be difficult for the number of women who earn PhD degrees in economics to expand substantially.

This blog is free in monetary terms. I don\’t pay a fee to an internet company; readers don\’t pay a fee to me.  The costs are mainly in terms of time: that is I spend time writing the blogs, and readers spend time looking them over. But while it\’s comforting and even partially true to think that this blog is a public service provided for my own devious reasons, the software is provided and the hosting is done by Google. Thus, I\’m working without a monetary return to draw your attention to Google, and you are providing your attention to Google.

All of which serves as a reminder of a saying that I\’ve seen repeated a number of times in various forms during last few years: \”If you\’re not paying for it, you\’re the product.\”  Fortunately, I didn\’t have to track down the origins of this quotation. because the Quote Investigator website already did it last summer.

The renaissance of this sentiment seems to trade back to a comment from the Metafilter website back in 2010:

Here is a similar sentiment from Adam Smith, a friend and admirer of Hume, from his first great work, the 1759 Theory of Moral Sentiments (part VII, book IV, paragraph 28):

\”Frankness and openness conciliate confidence. We trust the man who seems willing to trust us. We see clearly, we think, the road by which he means to conduct us, and we abandon ourselves with pleasure to his guidance and direction. Reserve and concealment, on the contrary, call forth diffidence. We are afraid to follow the man who is going we do not know where. The great pleasure of conversation and society, besides, arises from a certain correspondence of sentiments and opinions, from a certain harmony of minds, which like so many musical instruments coincide and keep time with one another. But this most delightful harmony cannot be obtained unless there is a free communication of sentiments and opinions. We all desire, upon this account, to feel how each other is affected, to penetrate into each other\’s bosoms, and to observe the sentiments and affections which really subsist there. The man who indulges us in this natural passion, who invites us into his heart, who, as it were, sets open the gates of his breast to us, seems to exercise a species of hospitality more delightful than any other. No man, who is in ordinary good temper, can fail of pleasing, if he has the courage to utter his real sentiments as he feels them, and because he feels them. It is this unreserved sincerity which renders even the prattle of a child agreeable. How weak and imperfect soever the views of the open-hearted, we take pleasure to enter into them, and endeavour, as much as we can, to bring down our own understanding to the level of their capacities, and to regard every subject in the particular light in which they appear to have considered it. … 

\”The man who eludes our most innocent questions, who gives no satisfaction to our most inoffensive inquiries, who plainly wraps himself up in impenetrable obscurity, seems, as it were, to build a wall about his breast. We run forward to get within it, with all the eagerness of harmless curiosity; and feel ourselves all at once pushed back with the rudest and most offensive violence.\”

In some ways, these sentiments seem deeply old-fashioned. But a number of Smith\’s phases hit home for me. This website is one long indulgence in one of my natural passions. In writing, I seek a kind of sincerity, although in my writing I often fall short of the \”unreserved\” sincerity recommended by Smith. My comments and views may be \”weak and imperfect\” at times, but I am trying hard not to wrap myself \”in impenetrable obscurity\”–which is always a specter lurking over discussions in economics. Now and again, I hope you can abandon yourself with pleasure to the selection of articles and insights provided here.

May the New Year bring you the pleasure of some genuinely open and honest conversations. May you even have the pleasure of \”achieving disagreement,\” which refers to the kind of disagreement that is not based in confusion, suspicion, and hostility, but instead a disagreement that is based on a full and sympathetic understanding of the alternative views.

Those of us who write about economics can only nod knowingly at a comment from John Maynard Keynes in 1934, in a a fragment of writing that was probably part of a draft of the preface for the General Theory. He wrote:

\”[A]n economic writer requires from his reader much goodwill and intelligence and a large measure of co-operation … In economics you cannot convict your opponent of error; you can only convince him of it.\” 

Happy New Year. And thanks to all the regular, semi-regular, occasional, and one-time readers for your goodwill, intelligence, cooperation–and for taking a look at this blog now and then.

The quotation from Keynes appears in volume XIII of the Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes, edited by Donald Moggridge and published in 1973 (pp. 469-471). Here\’s a fuller quotation from the passage, both worth reading for itself, and also to give some context:

When we write economic theory, we write in a quasi-formal style; and there can be no doubt, in spite of the disadvantages, that this is our best available means of conveying our thoughts to one another. But when an economist writes in a quasi-formal style, he is composing neither a document verbally complete and exact so as to be capable of a strict legal interpretation, nor a logically complete proof. Whilst it is his duty to make his premises and his use of terms as clear as he can, he never states all his premises and his definitions are not perfectly clear-cut. He never mentions all the qualifications necessary to his conclusions. He has no means of stating, once and for all, the precise level of abstraction on which he is moving, and he does not move on the same level all the time. It is, I think, of the essential nature of economic exposition that it gives, not a complete statement, which, even if it were possible, would be prolix and complicated to the point of obscurity but a sample statement, so to speak, out of all the things which could be said, intended to suggest to the reader the whole bundle of associated ideas, so that, if he catches the bundle, he will not in the least be confused or impeded by the technical incompleteness of the mere words which the author has written down, taken by themselves. 

This means, on the one hand, that an economic writer requires from his reader much goodwill and intelligence and a large measure of co-operation; and, on the other hand, that there are a thousand futile, yet verbally legitimate, objections which an objector can raise. In economics you cannot convict your opponent of error; you can only convince him of it. And, even if you are right, you cannot convince him, if there is a defect in your own powers of persuasion and exposition or if his head is already so filled with contrary notions that he cannot catch the clues to your thought which are trying to throw to him. 

The results is that much criticism, which has verbal justification in what the author has written, is nevertheless altogether futile and maddeningly irritating; for it merely indicates that the minds of authors and reader have failed to meet. ….

I ask forgiveness, therefore, if I have failed in the necessary goodwill and intellectual sympathy when I criticise; and to those minds to which, for whatever reasons, my ideas do not find an easy entry, I offer the assurance in advance that they will not find it difficult, where the country to be traversed is so extensive and complicated, to discover reasons which will seem to them adequate, for refusing to follow. Time rather than controversy … will sort out the true from the false.